2012一級建(jian)造(zao)師《建(jian)設工程項目(mu)管理》：風險管理的常用方(fang)法

　　風(feng)險管(guan)理是人們對潛在(zai)的(de)意外(wai)損失進行辯(bian)識、評估、預防和控(kong)制的(de)過程(cheng)。建筑工程(cheng)由于其(qi)規模大、周期長(chang)、生(sheng)產的(de)單件性(xing)和復(fu)雜性(xing)等特點，在(zai)實(shi)施(shi)過程(cheng)中存在(zai)著施(shi)工不確定(ding)的(de)因素，比一般產品生(sheng)產具有(you)更大的(de)風(feng)險，進行風(feng)險管(guan)理尤為重要。

　　風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)是(shi)對項目(mu)(mu)目(mu)(mu)標(biao)的(de)(de)主動控制。首先對項目(mu)(mu)的(de)(de)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)進行識別，然后將(jiang)這些(xie)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)定(ding)量化，對風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)進行控制。國際上把(ba)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)看作是(shi)項目(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)組成部(bu)分。風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)和目(mu)(mu)標(biao)控制是(shi)項目(mu)(mu)管(guan)理(li)的(de)(de)兩(liang)大基礎(chu)。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)業發達國家(jia)和地區，風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)轉移是(shi)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)管(guan)理(li)對策(ce)中采用最多的(de)(de)措施，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)保險(xian)(xian)(xian)和工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔保是(shi)風(feng)(feng)(feng)險(xian)(xian)(xian)轉移的(de)(de)兩(liang)種常用方(fang)法(fa)。

　　（一）工程保險工程

　　保(bao)(bao)險(xian)是指業(ye)主和承包商(shang)為了工(gong)程(cheng)項目(mu)的順利(li)實施，向保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人（公司）支付保(bao)(bao)險(xian)費，保(bao)(bao)險(xian)人根(gen)據合(he)同約定(ding)對在工(gong)程(cheng)建設中可能(neng)產生的財產和人身傷害承擔(dan)賠償保(bao)(bao)險(xian)金責(ze)任(ren)。工(gong)程(cheng)保(bao)(bao)險(xian)一般分為強制性保(bao)(bao)險(xian)和自愿保(bao)(bao)險(xian)兩(liang)類。

　　在(zai)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發達(da)國(guo)家(jia)和(he)地(di)區，強制(zhi)性的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)主(zhu)要有以(yi)下(xia)幾(ji)種：建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)切(qie)(qie)(qie)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)（附加第(di)三者(zhe)責(ze)任(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)）、安裝工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)切(qie)(qie)(qie)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)（附加第(di)三者(zhe)責(ze)任(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)）、社會保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)（如(ru)人(ren)身意(yi)外(wai)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、雇主(zhu)責(ze)任(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)其(qi)(qi)他國(guo)家(jia)法令規定的(de)(de)強制(zhi)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)）、機動(dong)車輛險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、10年(nian)責(ze)任(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)5年(nian)責(ze)任(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、專業(ye)(ye)(ye)責(ze)任(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等等。其(qi)(qi)中，建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)切(qie)(qie)(qie)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)和(he)安裝工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)切(qie)(qie)(qie)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)是(shi)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項目在(zai)實施期間的(de)(de)所有風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)提供全(quan)面的(de)(de)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，即(ji)對(dui)施工(gong)(gong)期間工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)本身、工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)設備和(he)施工(gong)(gong)機具以(yi)及其(qi)(qi)他物質所遭(zao)受的(de)(de)損失予以(yi)賠償(chang)，也(ye)對(dui)因施工(gong)(gong)而給(gei)第(di)三者(zhe)造的(de)(de)人(ren)身傷亡和(he)物質損失承擔賠償(chang)責(ze)任(ren)。過去，一(yi)(yi)切(qie)(qie)(qie)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)多數(shu)為承包(bao)商；現在(zai)，國(guo)際(ji)上普遍推行由業(ye)(ye)(ye)主(zhu)投保(bao)(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)(yi)切(qie)(qie)(qie)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)。在(zai)工(gong)(gong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)發達(da)國(guo)家(jia)和(he)地(di)區，建筑(zhu)(zhu)師、結構工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)師等設計、咨(zi)詢專業(ye)(ye)(ye)人(ren)均要購買專業(ye)(ye)(ye)責(ze)任(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)，對(dui)由于他們的(de)(de)設計失誤或工(gong)(gong)作疏(shu)忽給(gei)業(ye)(ye)(ye)主(zhu)或承包(bao)商造成的(de)(de)損失，將由保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)公(gong)司(si)賠償(chang)。國(guo)際(ji)上工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)涉及的(de)(de)自(zi)愿(yuan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)有以(yi)下(xia)幾(ji)種：國(guo)際(ji)貨物運(yun)輸險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、境內貨物運(yun)輸險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、財產險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、責(ze)任(ren)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、政治風險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)、匯率保(bao)(bao)(bao)險(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)等等。

　　國際上工程保(bao)(bao)險的(de)(de)通行(xing)做法和(he)特點(dian)是：保(bao)(bao)險經紀人在保(bao)(bao)險業務中充當重要角色、健全的(de)(de)法律體系為工程保(bao)(bao)險發展提供了保(bao)(bao)障，投保(bao)(bao)人與保(bao)(bao)險商通力(li)合作是控(kong)制(zhi)意(yi)外損失的(de)(de)有(you)效途徑，保(bao)(bao)險公司返賠(pei)率高且利(li)潤率低。

　　（二）工程擔保

　　工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔保(bao)(bao)是指擔保(bao)(bao)人(ren)（一(yi)般(ban)為銀行、擔保(bao)(bao)公司、保(bao)(bao)險公司、其(qi)他金融機構、商業(ye)團體或個(ge)人(ren)）應工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)合同(tong)一(yi)方（申請人(ren)）的(de)要(yao)求向(xiang)另一(yi)方（債(zhai)權人(ren)）作(zuo)出的(de)書(shu)面承諾。工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔保(bao)(bao)是工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)風(feng)險轉移措施的(de)又一(yi)重(zhong)要(yao)手段(duan)，它能有(you)效地保(bao)(bao)障工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)建設的(de)順利進行。許多國家政府都在(zai)法規中規定要(yao)求進行工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔保(bao)(bao)，在(zai)標(biao)準合同(tong)中也含有(you)關于工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)擔保(bao)(bao)的(de)條款。

　　在工業發達國家和地區，常見的工程(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)種(zhong)(zhong)類(lei)如下：第(di)一(yi)(yi)，投標(biao)(biao)(biao)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)：指投標(biao)(biao)(biao)人(ren)在投標(biao)(biao)(biao)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)之前或(huo)同(tong)時，向業主提交投標(biao)(biao)(biao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)(jin)（俗(su)稱(cheng)抵押金(jin)(jin)）或(huo)投標(biao)(biao)(biao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)函(han)，保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)一(yi)(yi)旦中標(biao)(biao)(biao)，則履(lv)(lv)行受標(biao)(biao)(biao)簽(qian)約(yue)承包(bao)(bao)工程(cheng)。一(yi)(yi)般投標(biao)(biao)(biao)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)(jin)額為標(biao)(biao)(biao)價(jia)(jia)的0.5~5%；第(di)二，履(lv)(lv)約(yue)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)：是(shi)為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)承包(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)履(lv)(lv)行承包(bao)(bao)合(he)(he)同(tong)所作的一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)承諾。一(yi)(yi)旦承包(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)沒能履(lv)(lv)行合(he)(he)同(tong)義務，擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)人(ren)給予賠付(fu)，或(huo)者接收工程(cheng)實施義務，而(er)另覓(mi)經(jing)業主同(tong)意(yi)的其他(ta)承包(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)負責(ze)繼續(xu)履(lv)(lv)行承包(bao)(bao)合(he)(he)同(tong)義務。這是(shi)工程(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)中最(zui)(zui)重要的，也是(shi)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)金(jin)(jin)額最(zui)(zui)大(da)的一(yi)(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)工程(cheng)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)；第(di)三，預付(fu)款擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)：要求承包(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)提供(gong)(gong)的，為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)工程(cheng)預付(fu)款用(yong)(yong)于該工程(cheng)項目，不準承包(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)挪作他(ta)用(yong)(yong)及卷(juan)款潛逃；第(di)四，維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)：是(shi)為保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)障(zhang)維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)期內(nei)出(chu)現質量缺陷時，承包(bao)(bao)商(shang)(shang)(shang)負責(ze)維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)而(er)提供(gong)(gong)的擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)，維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)可(ke)以單列，也可(ke)以包(bao)(bao)含在履(lv)(lv)約(yue)擔(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)(dan)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)內(nei)，有些工程(cheng)采取(qu)扣留(liu)合(he)(he)同(tong)價(jia)(jia)款的5%作為維(wei)修(xiu)(xiu)保(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)(bao)證(zheng)金(jin)(jin)。

　　以上四種擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)是在工(gong)業(ye)發達國家和地區常見的(de)工(gong)程擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)種類，除此(ci)這(zhe)外還以以下幾種：反擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)、付(fu)款擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)、業(ye)主無能為力(li)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)、分包擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)、臨時進口(kou)物(wu)資稅收擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)、完工(gong)擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)、差額擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)、施工(gong)執照擔(dan)(dan)保(bao)等。

　　由于(yu)建筑工(gong)程在(zai)建設(she)過程中存在(zai)著(zhu)越(yue)來越(yue)多的不確定性因素，風險(xian)管理正成(cheng)為工(gong)程項目管理日益重要的一個組成(cheng)部分。